Fu-Kiau, K. K. B. (1994). Ntangu-Tandu-Kolo: The Bantu-Kongo Concept of Time. In J. K. Adjaye (Ed.), Time in the Black Experience (pp. 17-34). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

1. “According to Kongo teaching, nothing exists that does not follow the steps of the cyclical Kongo cosmogram.” What are the implications of this statement for understanding the analogous relationship between the life of the human being and the daily positions of the sun?

2. What are different levels of time in Bantu-Kongo thought according to the article. Provide examples of each with a short discussion of how the Bantu-Kongo concept of time can be used in Afrikan Studies research.

3. How does the time-as-scroll analogy assist in understanding the Bantu-Kongo concept of time? In what way is it related to the “dams-of-time” analogy in terms of providing a complementary and holistically complementary view time in Bantu-Kongo thought.