The political history of several African kingdoms included systems of governance that were variously referred to as national “assemblies”, “councils,” or “parliaments,” which limited the power of Kings.

• Mali will now require U.S. nationals to post a visa bond of $5,000 or $10,000, mirroring new American visa conditions for Malians. • Bamako says the U.S. measure violates a 2005 bilateral visa agreement between the two countries. • … Continue reading

African monetary systems were characterized by the concurrent use of classical (metal) currencies and commodity currencies that fulfilled a variety of functions.