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Ambakisye-Okang Dukuzumurenyi, Ph.D.:
“Nonviolent civil disobedience encompasses the mass-based strategies of boycotts, demonstrations, strikes, initiative petition, sit-ins, passive resistance to unjust laws, the dissemination of passively critical written or verbal political communications and marches.
Violent political participation consists of the dissemination of inflammatory written or verbal political communications, riots, sabotage, guerilla warfare, state terrorism (use of violent methods to repress dissent, the perpetuation of sociopolitical and economic structures which perpetuate poverty and its concomitant problem of social dislocation), anti-state terrorism (domestic, transnational, national-separatist and ideological) open revolution, and war. 339
…riots, a prevalent form of violent protest, as resulting from mass disaffection with the political order resulting from lack of socioeconomic and political opportunities that allow for the development of a sustainable livelihood. Rioting and the looting that follow simultaneously or in its wake are political acts as they are mass aggression upon the primary institution of any economic system-elite property rights.” 340
339 Jerome H. Skolnick, The Politics of Protest (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969) p. 5; Richard Clutterbuck, Protest and the Urban Guerrilla (New York: Abelard-Shuman, 1974); Charles W. Kegley Jr., “Characteristics, Causes, and Controls of International Terrorism: An Introduction,” in Charles W. Kegley Jr., ed. International Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes Controls (New York: St. Martins Press, 1990) p. 5; Fatima Meer, Higher Than Hope: The Authorized Biography of Nelson Mandela (New York: Harper
Perennial, 1990) p. 242.340 Robert Fogelson, Violence As Protest: A Study of Riots and Ghettos (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1971) pp. 79-82; James N. Upton, A Social History of 20th Century Urban Riots (Bristol, In.: Wyndham Hall Press, 1984) p. 39
