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Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to mislead, while misinformation is false or inaccurate information without the intent to deceive. Disinformation is often used by governments and other entities to influence public opinion or achieve specific objectives, while misinformation can result from innocent mistakes or inaccuracies. Understanding the difference between these terms is crucial in addressing the challenges posed by false information in various contexts, such as public health, democracy, and social media.

Some examples of disinformation campaigns include the spread of false information by Western media about Russia planning to invade Ukraine, the proliferation of disinformation online through social media platforms like Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election and issues like climate change denial, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, war in Syria, and the COVID-19 pandemic . Disinformation campaigns are often propagated through social engineering, inauthentic amplification, micro-targeting, and harassment and abuse tactics.